Justifying comics as legitimate objects of study, Part I

Were I to muster a defense of comics as potentially serious objects of rhetorical analysis in, say, a textbook, I would begin by pointing out that while there may not be a ready-made critical apparatus for comics as a genre, there exists a robust tradition of analyzing visual narrative.  Consider Caravaggio's "Calling of St. Matthew":

I present the whole painting here so you can see what occupies the center of the painting.  (Many reproductions of "The Calling" crop the upper third off.  I will too to save bandwidth below.)  If we assume that the eye of the viewer is drawn to the center, it becomes evident that Caravaggio didn't intend his static painting to be experienced as such.  We light first on the boy's eyes and follow them:

 

To a Jesus finger.  The Jesus finger points at the figure to the left of the boy:

 

This figure looks to Jesus to see whether he is the intended recipient of the Jesus finger and the viewer follows his gaze:

Now the viewer sees that while the Jesus gaze is less ambiguous than the Jesus finger, and that both are actually trained on Levi (soon to be Matthew):

Who attends to more mundane matters:

Compositionally speaking, there's much more to "The Calling" than this narrative—we could discuss how the shadow of the half-open door is complicit in framing the object of Jesus's attention, for example—but my point here is simply that by dint of an ambiguously crooked finger, Caravaggio encodes an active narrative into what could have been dead on the canvas. 

That said, consider how much work is done by the title.  Most Western art at the time represented familiar narratives, so outside the title no additional words are required to render the image comprehensible.  But what happens if we secularize it?  Given the 17^th Century Italian attire of those around the table, it would not be unreasonable to submit that this painting could bear the title "Giovanni Points at the Man who Murdered His Father" or "Alessio is Stunned into Silence by the News that He Won the Lottery."  Change the words that supplement the image and the meaning of the image changes.  You no doubt see where I'm headed with this:

The interdependence of words and image is a relationship of long-standing.  That the narrative potential of their interaction was not fully explored until the early 20^th Century—and that that exploration would largely occur in a genre seemingly dedicated to aggressive juvenalia—seems to me more absurd than the contention that comics may be a respectable object of academic interest.  However, the claim that the comics came into their own in the 20^th Century doesn't mean that the word-picture relationship had not been previously explored . . . so tomorrow I'll talk about William Blake's "The Tyger."

Comments

[Vance Maverick]

Basically agree, but you're on thin ice if you rely on such paintings having determinate titles. Those are typically matters of tradition -- almost as much so as the "titles" of Haydn pieces.

There's obviously also a tradition of sequences of images in Renaissance and earlier art....

[john]

To me, the finger is in the process of being extended giving a sense of implied motion, rather than a binding, but the soon-to-be binding precludes any other.

[Jennifer]

The whole time I was reading through the post, I was thinking, "Is he going to mention Blake? Is he going to mention Blake?"

I am looking forward to part II. Good stuff.

[Vance Maverick]

determinate titles

Or, better put: titles that are free choices by the artist, parallel with the composition of the work.

[JPool]

You already know what I think: that while this is a particularly arrow pointy composition, there is no necessary or correct process of visual engagement with it.

Beyond that, paintings are different from sequential art, in that each painting is meant to be encountered on its own (despite the fact that most of us encounter them in Museum or gallery settings where they function as one art object among others). One can linger over any given comic panel, but, to be successful, they must function as a part of an advancing narrative structure. Put another way, if a reader spends as much time as you do here looking at the back and forth in an individual panel in a comic book, I'm sure the artist would feel flattered, but they've also sort of screwed up what they're supposed to be doing, because the reader has stopped reading.

As for historical antecedents for narratives based in the interactions of words and images, not to take anything away from Vance's examples, but Egyptian art springs to mind (it's even composed in panels), or the Bayeux tapestry if you want something in between.

[Vance Maverick]

Yeah, lots more narrative through sequences of images back through history. Which brings me to an obvious question -- why not refer, not only to classic art, but also to the academic tradition of how to discuss it?

[Andrew Shields]

I like all those arrows. Very fun!

[Gene]

Another very famous example of sequential art, by William Hogarth (1697-1764).

(Scroll down for images of the eight paintings and their titles. I'm not sure to what degree Hogarth himself was responsible for the specific language of the titles.)

[Vance Maverick]

Or, as Meg Worley points out in her Facebook status, the Stations of the Cross.

[SEK]

Basically agree, but you're on thin ice if you rely on such paintings having determinate titles.

Believe you me, I'm skating full-bore towards that thin ice.

why not refer, not only to classic art, but also to the academic tradition of how to discuss it?

I'm gesturing, albeit obliquely, to my art history classes; but I'm also aimed at a slightly different objective, which isn't to turn them into students of art history, but into perceptive readers of comics. Looping back around to my post at the beginning of the Fall Quarter, Rich still has it right: good pedagogy sometimes makes for bad theory and vice versa. Different ends and what-not.

that while this is a particularly arrow pointy composition, there is no necessary or correct process of visual engagement with it.

There's no necessarily correct way, no, but there is a narrative there, even if it is implicit.

Beyond that, paintings are different from sequential art

Which is why I almost went with the Giotto/Hogarth route instead of the Caravaggio/Blake, but I want to avoid the impression created by more direct analogues early on and focus attention instead on the composition of single image.

[Shaun Huston]

"I would begin by pointing out that while there may not be a ready-made critical apparatus for comics as a genre, there exists a robust tradition of analyzing visual narrative."

I'm curious about the choice of "genre" here rather then "medium". It's a fine line I suppose, but not without significance, particularly given that different comics clearly fall within different narrative genres (and there are those that resist such labels). "Superhero", "Western", "Fantasy", etc. would be sub-genres of comics, while a book like Charles Burns' BLACKHOLE would simply be of the genre "comics" without further categorization?